There are many factors within the school environment that can have an impact on political socialization, either strengthening or weakening political efficacy and socialization into the political realm. Inabout the extent of the U2 episode led to an even greater distrust amongst the public against the government Eisenstadt, was disintegrated into political and military framework after…. Organizations in the mass media industry offer their own content. However, political socialization essays, parents and families are not the only players in the political socialization process. Lee, Political socialization essays the same time, the war would allow many of the lingering conflicts to…. Court decisions are obliged to abide by the law.
Political socialization
Any subject, political socialization essays. Any type of essay, political socialization essays. The term political socialization was coined in by an American professor of sociology, Herbert H. My family, as primary agents of my childhood socialisation, like for the majority played a major part of my political socialisation, political socialization essays, although likely unknowingly on their part; I was raised in a family that never engaged in politics. Politically neutral. It can be said that although I grew up without overt political discussion in the family, that the combination of everything else my parents taught me, the values they imparted and the cultural capital associated with being a part of a particular social class formed the basis of political socialization essays would become political socialization essays political ideology.
Having the childhood I did means that I hold forms of cultural capital and gained certain values that can be assets in particular spheres of life education system, labour market, etc. They might include things such as education, intellect, vocabulary and style of speech accentclothing, and even physical appearance. The implication here being that this stage in your life is the most important and political socialization essays stick with a child throughout their life. I disagree with this school of thought. In June I attended a rally in Gateshead held by British labour organisation Momentum; whereat leader of the labour party Jeremy Corbyn was a keynote speaker and main attraction he was there political socialization essays an election campaign trail.
My motivations for my attending were incredibly arbitrary; it was free and less than a 5-minute walk from my college. I had been socialised by the party itself. This is an illustration of how political parties can take citizens and socialise them from people with perhaps no real overt political political socialization essays or sometimes even opposing ideology into allied voters who will elect the party into government. They understand the chain reaction that a decline in political capital leads to a decline in political participation and a decline in participation can mean a decline in allied voters.
I consider it to be a much more versatile theory of political socialisation and one that I found has a more stable grounding and can be applied to more cases than the opposing recency concept. Thoughts and ideas change throughout our lives and as we as humans grow and learn, our values grow with us and something I believe in now may not be something I believe in 10 years time. We adapt our ideology to the life we lead. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. Starting from 3 hours delivery. Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. We will occasionally send you account related emails.
This essay is not unique. Sorry, political socialization essays, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper, political socialization essays. Want us to write one just for you? We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. Get help with writing. Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Your time is important. Get essay help. Related Essays The Role Of Educational Level In Political Socialization Essay. Political Socialization Political socialization essays Gaining A Political Perspective Essay. The Main Agents Of The Political Socialization Essay, political socialization essays.
Review of power reforms in Nigeria Essay. Review of power reform in Nigeria Essay. Economic State of Sri Lanka Essay. The Effects of the Social Hierarchy in Caleb Williams and Pamela Or Virtue Rewarded Essay, political socialization essays. The Task of a Reader to a Narrative Essay. Find Free Essays We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Cite this Essay To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: APA MLA Harvard Vancouver Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity. Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity. Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity [Internet].
Order Now, political socialization essays. Please check your inbox. Order now. Related Topics Voting Essays Revenge Essays Electoral College Essays Population Essays Population Growth Essays. Hi there! Are you interested in getting a customized paper? Check it out! Having trouble finding the perfect essay? Hire a writer. Got it. Haven't found the right essay? Get an expert to write you the one you need! Get your paper now. Professional writers and researchers. Sources and citation are provided.
choice essay example
The political socialization process passed through the parents is mediated not only by social trust, however. Family structure also plays a role. For example, whether a father is present or absent and whether the father is an authority figure impact the socialization process Davies, Factors such as the total number of grandparents with a certain party identification, whether the parent is the mother or father, and the strength of partisanship all affect the socialization of children. Another structural component with socialization implications is family composition, including family size, gender of siblings, and birth order. Given the many mediating factors inherent in the parent-to-child socialization process, the question is whether the parents pass down specific opinions on public policy matters or whether the transmission process is more general, relating to overall beliefs.
Most studies argue for the latter, but for different reasons. For example, one study concludes that children do not inherit specific political beliefs from parents, but they do inherit certain notions of what is politically acceptable as a result of the generational correspondence between parent and child Connell, In short, families play a significant role in the political socialization process because of their central role in providing basic needs, passing on certain personality characteristics, and establishing family structures and organizations. Rather than passing down opinions and attitudes on specific political issues, they pass down general and basic beliefs about what is acceptable. However, parents and families are not the only players in the political socialization process.
Secondary groups cannot be forgotten. Three secondary groups that have gained considerable attention are schools, the media, and contemporary events. There are many factors within the school environment that can have an impact on political socialization, either strengthening or weakening political efficacy and socialization into the political realm. Some of these factors include size of school, quality of education, curriculum, location of school, and school social composition Litt, The socioeconomic homogeneity or heterogeneity of a classroom can have an impact on the politicization of youth. Working-class students in a heterogeneous class environment are more politicized and are more economically conservative, but they are also more ambivalent toward the political system.
Schools are also important in that they are a means to participate in extracurricular activities and within peer groups. One study showed that participation in extracurricular activities gave students positive feelings toward group integration, which led to feelings of social trust and ultimately positive feelings toward politics Ziblatt, Social trust is again found to be a strong mediating factor in the political socialization process, and it can be established through the family, peer group activities, or both. Another secondary group that may strongly influence political socialization is the media. Different media outlets print or broadcast and exposure to various content have differential impacts on political socialization Hyman, Finally, external events also impact the political socialization process.
Although political events cannot be considered a secondary group in the way that school, peer groups, and media can, they are part of that general category in that an individual cannot be analyzed in isolation from the time and space in which he or she lives. In a later study, Valentino and Sears found that when there is significant communication about the political events, the political socialization process is most impacted. The vast majority of studies in political socialization have centered around the socialization experiences of children, which is implicit in the literature reviewed previously on the agents of the socialization process, most of which focus on parents, families, and schools.
However, the socialization of children matters only insofar as the attitudes and behaviors learned early in life persist into adulthood, when individuals can exercise their political voice in more official and institutionalized ways. Much of the research assumes this, without actually proving it. Marsh , for example, calls into question the assumptions that adult opinions are the result of political socialization in youth and that adult behavior is determined by attitudes learned during childhood socialization. He argues that these two assumptions, on which the political socialization literature rests, need to be empirically tested before moving forward with a research agenda that is youth-centric.
In addition to the socialization experiences of youth, scholars have looked specifically at political elites to determine if those individuals that run for and win elected office are subject to different political socialization experiences than the masses. Marsh argues that more research should focus on the elite political socialization process because, he believes, it is the elites that disproportionately impact the political system. The results of elite studies have been mixed. A third group that has been examined for differential political socialization processes is based in gender. Although a number of studies suggest that boys are more political than girls e. Hyman found that girls and boys have different patterns of political learning, which manifests in different political behavior for boys and girls.
A more recent study found that individual-level differences in socialization patterns between men and women can help explain the aggregate gender gap in partisanship among the electorate Trevor, Another difference in socialization that has been examined is that between the educated and uneducated, which is related to socioeconomic status and race. For example, one study assessing the differential impact of the high school civics curriculum on black and white students found that the curriculum helped increase political participative measures for black children from less-educated families, depressed performance and participative measures for black students from better educated families, and overall had a greater effect on black students than white students.
A different socialization study looking at the impact of socialization on political stability and regime support showed that both black and white students are compliant toward authority but for different reasons. Black children are compliant because they view authority as being powerful, whereas white children are compliant because they view authority as benevolent Engstrom, Finally, a study of Appalachian children found that they are considerably less trusting of government than their counterparts in other regions of the country. The theoretical reason is that an authority figure father who cannot provide well for the family does not command respect, and this is then projected onto other authority figures, including government Jaros et al.
Therefore, education, race, and socioeconomic status significantly impact the political socialization process and therefore perceptions of and trust toward authority, which, in turn, impact political behavior. Finally, generations are socialized differently. Marvin Rintala defines a political generation as a group of human beings who have undergone the same basic historical experiences during their formative years, meaning from about 17 to 25 years of age. The expectation is that these historical events and the collective understanding of them shape generations differently. For example, Crittenden hypothesized that the Great Depression and New Deal had a significant impact on the partisan affiliation of that generation, and Almond a demonstrated changes in public opinion on foreign policy issues as the United States moved into the cold war.
To summarize, family, school, peer groups, the media, and external events can all influence the political socialization process in many different ways and through a number of mediating factors. And they influence the political socialization of different groups and types of people, with potential socializing differences along age, political status, gender, education, socioeconomic, race, and generational lines. As previously stated, the majority of studies on political socialization focus on the formative, youthful years. They found little evidence for either the primacy or the structuring principle and therefore argue that adult socialization experiences are really what need to be examined.
They postulate that adult socialization either mediates or replaces childhood socialization in the acquisition of issue beliefs. That is why others have stressed the fact that socialization can occur at anytime throughout the life cycle. Often times, whether a researcher decides to focus on the formative or mature years depends on the agency. For example, if a researcher is interested in studying the primary agencies parents and family , then he or she will most likely focus on the formative years; however, if interested in socialization through secondary agencies e.
There are yet many unanswered questions as to how the process works. Is the process susceptible to abrupt changes based on changes in family structure, changes in life events, or changes in political events and personalities? Are there different socialization processes for learning cognitive versus affective components of political attitudes? Is knowledge and cognition socialized more from secondary agencies, and is affect socialized more from primary agencies? Finally, does the process move forward in a set sequence e. Although these are some questions that remain regarding the internal mechanisms of the political socialization process, there have been inquiries into whether the process is latent unconscious or manifest conscious. Bender argues that latent socialization processes are often those learned via primary agencies in childhood.
Youths may not be conscious of the political messages and cues they receive from family members. Manifest socialization processes are associated with more conscious learning in adulthood from secondary agencies such as work, the media, or other social or professional associations. A study by Almond and Verba suggests that whether learning is latent or manifest depends on the type of learning taking place. For example, feelings about political authority, in general, are latent rather than manifest, whereas opinions on a given public policy issue are manifest.
As with many social science endeavors, there are a number of issues with the study of political socialization that make it a difficult phenomenon to accurately pin down. Five critical issues that complicate the study of political socialization include the following: reverse causality, omitted variable bias, operationalization, standard definitions, and empirical limitations. First is the problem of reverse causality. This means that the political socialization process impacts the political system, but the political system also impacts political socialization.
Individuals are not socialized in isolation of the political system; rather, the political system itself is integral in developing political dispositions. The study of political socialization is intended to provide a deeper understanding of system maintenance and stability, but given that political socialization is both an input and an output of the political system, the full extent of socialization cannot be accurately assessed Dennis, Therefore, the causal arrow that points from political socialization to system stability points right back at political socialization, making it extremely difficult to disentangle directionality and real effects. The second problem is omitted variable bias.
The political socialization process has a myriad of mediating and moderating variables playing greater or lesser roles at different points in time. Given that everything from different types of media exposure to the number of grandparents with the same party identification impact the socialization process, it is likely that there are a good number of variables that are being omitted, thereby biasing the results in favor of the variables that are included. Although omitted variables will always be a problem in social science research because it is impossible to control for everything, it is particularly acute for political socialization research because both nature and nurture play a role, and both nature and nurture constitute innumerable factors and variables.
Third, operationalizing abstract variables is also problematic. Although this is not unique to political socialization research, the question of how to measure different variables remains an issue. In a model of political socialization, there are inputs who or what socialized the individual and when , and there are outputs what was socialized. Two researchers could focus on the socializing effect of parents on children, looking specifically at party identification. Because there are many interpretations of the phrase the socializing effect of parents on children, the researchers can measure it however they want. One might choose to interpret it based on how often the family spent quality time together and therefore measure it based on how often the members ate family meals.
The other research might choose to interpret it based on the family structure and thereby measure it based on whether the mother worked. These are two very different operationalizations of the socializing effect of parents on children. This leads to the fourth problem of definitions. Within the political socialization literature, a consensus has yet to be established on clearly defined terms. All definitions of political socialization agree that it is a process, but beyond that there is little agreement on exactly how to define political socialization and all its component parts. Establishing clearly defined terms on which scholars in the field can agree would go a long way in building the framework around which a strong research agenda can be built.
Finally, there are empirical limitations to the study of political socialization. The only longitudinal study is the Political Socialization Project, which began in This project, though still a work in progress, surveyed parents three times, the children who were youths in four times into middle age , and the grandchildren once Jennings, This sole longitudinal study is critical to research on political socialization because the vast majority of research has been cross-sectional, which demands significantly fewer resources in terms of time, administration, and money. The research agenda in political socialization that began in the s and boomed through the s came to a screeching halt in the s and, with few exceptions, has remained relatively stagnant since then.
Yet there is still territory to excavate and jewels to be mined. Cook argued that the dearth of research in political socialization is due to the weak theoretical foundation. I consider it to be a much more versatile theory of political socialisation and one that I found has a more stable grounding and can be applied to more cases than the opposing recency concept. Thoughts and ideas change throughout our lives and as we as humans grow and learn, our values grow with us and something I believe in now may not be something I believe in 10 years time. We adapt our ideology to the life we lead.
Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. Starting from 3 hours delivery. Sorry, copying is not allowed on our website. We will occasionally send you account related emails. This essay is not unique. Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. Want us to write one just for you? We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. Get help with writing. Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you. Your time is important. Get essay help. Related Essays The Role Of Educational Level In Political Socialization Essay. Political Socialization And Gaining A Political Perspective Essay. The Main Agents Of The Political Socialization Essay.
Review of power reforms in Nigeria Essay. Review of power reform in Nigeria Essay. Economic State of Sri Lanka Essay. The Effects of the Social Hierarchy in Caleb Williams and Pamela Or Virtue Rewarded Essay. The Task of a Reader to a Narrative Essay. Find Free Essays We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Cite this Essay To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: APA MLA Harvard Vancouver Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity. Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity. Political Socialization And Development Of Political Identity [Internet].
No comments:
Post a Comment